The Directorate is responsible to the Commissioner General of Prison for effective and efficient coordination and management of the prisons facilities countrywide. In addition, it controls other units; Security, logistics and transport, Facilities and infrastructure development and maintenance, Welfare and Chaplaincy, Intra-governmental relations and state functions, Prisoners management and programmes, Remands and administration of justice, Prisons intelligence, Forensic and Prisoners Data Base Management, Communications including telecommunications and signal branches. Specifically, the Directorate performs the following tasks:

• Providing protective security in all prisons countrywide including provision of s p e c i a l stores and surveillance equipment’s and ensuring that they are used appropriately.
• Carrying out inspection of penal institutions at regular intervals as directed by the Commissioner General of prisons to assess the security situation as well as the operational issues of the institutions.
• Controlling and issuing of permits for special visits to prison institutions including permits to religious ministers.
• Chairman of the Departmental Uniforms Designing Committee.
• Chairing of any forum established by the Commissioner General of Prisons to conduct an inquiry into any incident which may impede security or cause of security breaches/lapses with a view to restoring normalcy i.e. injury or death of inmates or death of staff in the line of duty, sudden or unnatural deaths of persons in custody in liaison with police, fire outbreaks, riots within the prisons, jailbreaks, escapes or natural disaster which affects the security of the prisons directly or indirectly.
• Member of Departmental Disciplinary Committee.
• Coordinating state functions/ national celebrations including being a member of the national celebration committee;
• Liaising with the R e g i o n a l and County security committees with regard to the security of penal institutions in their areas of jurisdiction in order to ensure normal operations of the prisons and that any issue touching on the security of prisons are expeditiously dealt with.
• All matters related to capital punishment in liaison with the Commissioner and the Attorney General’s Chambers.
• General superintendence over the prisons signal`s branch in liaison with the Chief Telecommunications Engineer.
• All matters concerning admissions into Borstal Institutions and Youth Corrective Training Centers as follows;

Establishment of Prisons Enterprises

❖ One of the Core mandate of the KPS department is rehabilitation and reformation of prisoners. The Directorate of Prison Enterprises is responsible for ensuring that this function is accomplished. 

❖ The concept of Prison Enterprises (Industries) was introduced in Kenya by the British Colonial Government in 1927 with specific mandate of establishing industrial, technical and agricultural training programs for prisoners

❖ At independence, the Prison industries and Farms were reorganized to provide Vocational and Agricultural training to prisoners and generate Appropriation in Aid (A-in-A). 

❖ There has been a paradigm shift from just confinement and punishment of prisoner to rehabilitation and reformation of prisoners so that they can easily be reintegrated back to the society upon completion of their sentences. 

❖ Prisons Industries operate under Prison Industries Revolving Fund(PIRF) that was established under the Exchequer and Audit Act CAP 412, Legal Notice No. 314 of 1988 and Legal Notice number 87 of 1993. 

❖ The initial capital for PIRF was Kshs.14 million and for Prison Farms Revolving Fund was Kshs. 4.2 million

❖ The purpose of the initial capital was: Procuring necessary raw materials, Tools, Plants and equipment for development and running of Prison industries in ensuring of offender rehabilitation through Vocational Training(VT). 

Roles and Responsibilities of Directorate of Prisons Enterprises

The major roles of Prisons Enterprises are;

• Coordinating and facilitating Vocational Training programs for inmates in all the industrial prisons in Kenya.
• Ensuring that inmates are registered and tested in industrial and technical trades by NITA the examining body in Kenya.
• Ensuring that the department participates in the International and National Shows and Exhibitions across the country and abroad.
• Procuring of Raw materials, tools and equipment for training of inmates.
• Manufacturing of car number plates.
• Establishing of workshops for inmates in industrial stations and show rooms for sale of manufactured items in the stations. 
• Marketing of the manufactured items as a result of training so as to earn revenue for the government.
• Issuance of AIEs to industrial stations for training of inmates and manufacturing of items for sale.
• Deployment and Supervision of technical staff in the stations
• Preparation and submission of financial statements of account for the Prisons Industry Revolving Funds (PIRF) to the office administering the fund.

There are 108 industrial stations across the country. The Prisons offer various programs to inmates in those stations. These programs include; 

• Carpentry
• Tailoring
• Fashion and Design
• Fiber Decoration
• Crocheting
• Masonry
• Metal work/Welding
• Mechanic
• Pottery
• Baking
• Weaving
• Printing/ Book Binding
• Screen printing and sign writing
• Leather work
• Hairdressing
• Detergents making
• Yoghurts and Juice making 
• Water distillation plant - Priaqua 

Farm Activities include:

• Cattle rearing
• Fish farming
• Cash crop farming
• Rabbit rearing
• Horticultural farming
• Poultry farming
• Pig rearing

The directorate is responsible to the Commissioner General of Prisons for the following duties:

• Implementation of departmental strategic plans and ensuring that it is linked to policy documents such as the National Development Plan and Vision 2030 ;

1. Coordinating Performance Contracting and ensuring that the targets are in line with acceptable standards;
2. Providing guidance to sections, provincial commands and stations on the implementation processes for the achievement of the strategic objectives;
3. Developing and reviewing of the Service Charter and Strategic Plan for the Department, Collating and coordinating information for planning and budgeting purposes for the department;
4. Supporting various sections of the Prisons Service in developing sectional and individual work plans with clear targets for easy implementation of performance contracting and appraisal systems;
5. Preparing project proposals for bilateral and development partners as well as GJLOS and other NGOs assisting prisons;
6. Reviewing the departmental policies and realigning them to incorporate the emerging body of best practices in correctional development, particularly those that conform to the practices which meet international standards.

• Monitoring the implementation of the Strategic Plan, Work Plans and Performance Contracts for purposes of reporting and advising on any gaps.
• Participating in the Ministerial Development Planning Committee meetings in order to sensitize and create awareness among staff on emerging best practices in management as well as developing the frame work for incorporation and harmonization of the departmental policies with those of the central government including implementation of Vision 2030.
• Directing the building section on the projects to be undertaken by the section.
• Monitoring and evaluation of projects under taken by the Section.
• Developing the budget for the development projects for the department.
• Coordination and collaboration with other government departments and stakeholders involved in the development of the department’s development directions and infrastructure;
• Coordinating the maintenance of the department`s buildings and other infrastructure
• Secretary to the Prisons Development planning Committee.
• General control and supervision of technical staff attached to the section including discipline, transfers, promotions and training in close liaison with the Director of Administration.
• Initiating action on acquisition of new prison sites and title deeds and maintenance of plans and records in respect of all prison lands and buildings.
• Installation and maintenance of electrical plants and equipments.
• Coordinating water supplies, sewerage and drainage.
• Financial management and procurement of building materials and tools in conjunction with Administrative Secretary and Assistant Director Supplies Chain Management.
• Accounting for all the tools and plants at the main store and building sites.
• Liaison with the Ministry of Public Infrastructure and the Ministry of Transport on matters related to buildings and development within the Department.
• Training of prisoners on the building trade and their trade testing by the Ministry of Labour in liaison with Director of Prison Enterprises.
• Inspection of all buildings, land and maintenance of relevant building registers.
• Maintenance of the Prisons Show Stands in collaboration with Director of Prison enterprises.
• Preparation of estimates for both development and recurrent expenditure in respect of buildings in consultation with the Administrative Secretary.
• Member of the Departmental team for negotiation of funds and staff establishment.
• Member of the Ministerial Tender Board (Prisons) and Departmental and Technical Evaluating Committee.
• Member of the Departmental Promotion/Appointment Board and Board of Surveys and Disposal of salvaged materials.
• Spearheading prisons reforms as spelt out in the Madoka report and the reform manifestos.
• Any other duties that the Commissioner General of Prisons may assign from time to time.

The director for legal, human rights, research and statistics will be responsible to the Commissioner of Prisons for the following duties and responsibilities:-

• Advising the department on legal matters;
• Representing the department in courts in liaison with the state law office;
• Developing legal frameworks on behalf of the department and review of existing legislations;
• Drafting and facilitating signing memoranda of understanding between Kenya and other countries;
• Responding to parliamentary questions in consultation with the Commissioner General of Prisons
• Coordinating para-legal activities in all prisons;
• Coordinating legal aid scheme and pro-bono services in all prisons;
• Coordinating matters of human rights both for officers and inmates;
• Ensuring that human rights for the inmates and the prison officers are safeguarded as stipulated by the law in the bill of rights;
• Training and sensitizing prison officers and inmates on human rights;
• Collecting, processing, analyzing, disseminating and publishing of statistical data related to prisons;
• Compiling daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and yearly figures on prisoners for internal and external consumption;
• Carrying out review of sentences for prisoners in liaison with other stakeholders
• Managing and coordinating library services;
• Acquisition of information materials;
• Supporting management by providing reference materials;
• Designing of prisons forms and books to keep abreast with the needs of the Department in line with international standards.
• Preparation of Departmental annual reports.
• Editing of Departmental journal.
• Assisting internal and external researchers in crime prevention and control.
• Preparation of Departmental prisoners statistical returns;

The Directorate of Gender, NGos & Sports is mandated to ensure Gender Equity and Equality, address matters of children accompanying their mothers to prison, protection of older Inmates, co-ordination of Sports activities and coordinating NGOs and other Stakeholders’ activities in the Department.

Directorate Objectives

• Gender Mainstreaming
• Ensure compliance with the affirmative action
• Address disability cases in the service
• Ensure fairness, equity and justice at the workplace
• Tap sports talent and co-ordinate sporting activities
• Provision of facilities for children aged 4 years and below accompanying their mothers to prison

The Directorate  assesses the impact for both Men and Women of any planned action including legislation, policies or programs in all areas and at all levels in regard to:-

• Adherence to 30% Affirmative Action
• Establishment of Gender offices, gender desks in Region & Stations and the appointment of gender officers
• Sensitization on gender and disability issues
• Capturing and updating sex disaggregated data, analysis and forwarding to the relevant authorities
• Ensuring that there is gender parity at all levels of representation 
• Ensuring that the gaps in gender recruitment, promotion, deployment and training are addressed.

Gender Mainstreaming in Human Resource Management

Recruitment:

Ensure we recruit qualified male and female officers with representation from all regions and tribes.  We however are not able to attain the 30% affirmative action due to the nature of our work.

Basic Training:

Both men and women undergo a similar recruit training that qualifies them to execute their prison functions as stipulated in the mandate. 

Professional Development, Succession Planning and Retention of Personnel:

Both Men and Women Officers are considered equally for promotions to prepare them for management and leadership positions.  Where applicable, qualified pregnant female officers are not barred from attending development courses or other trainings and development opportunities, but may have their training and development deferred until after delivery.  This also applies to the disabled officers whose programs are developed to suit their conditions.

Transfers/Deployment and Assignments:

As a condition of service and gender equality, both male and female officers are liable to assignment of deployment to any part of the Republic of Kenya.  If staff demonstrate family or other responsibilities for which they are predominantly responsible and that a transfer/deployment or assignment would affect/disrupt them, the department considers alternate assignments or deployment.

Promotions:

Qualified male and female officers have equal opportunities for promotion and ensure that the affirmation action is considered.

Inmate facilities

• The Department ensures that female institutions are kept separate from male institutions.
• Female Institutions are headed by female officers
• Escort of female inmates is done by female officers, but if need arises, male officers are engaged accompanied by female officers
• The tools of work are same for both gender
• Supplies unique to female inmates are provided
• Uniforms are same but they should allow freedom of movement and fulfil comfortably all the physical requirements of their duties.

Disability Mainstreaming

The Directorate is mandated to ensure:-

• Construction of ramps in all buildings, provision of parking space for Persons With Disability. (PWDs)
• Amenities for the Persons With Disability are built for both staff and inmates
• Staff with disability are allowed to work near their homes so that they can get assistance from family members.  Inmates with disability are confined near their homes to ease visitation.
• Registration of PWDs under the National Council for Persons With Disability (NCPWD)
• Continuous sensitization of both staff and inmates on disability management
• Construction of houses suitable for staff living with disability
• The directorate has an upto date list of all staff and inmates living with disability

The Elderly

This category of persons falls under the vulnerable groups within Prisons.  Most of this calibre of prisoners are on either life or death imprisonment due to the nature of the sentence.  This calls for special attention considering their age and health.  The Department ensures that they are accorded special attention.

Children accompanying their Mothers to Prison

 These are children aged between 0-4 years. The department ensures that the children are provided with child centred wholistic services that promote child safety and protection. 

Sports 

Recreational activities have a considerate effect on the mind and the overall health of an individual.  Recreation helps manage stress, boost physical activity and ultimately contributes towards improving the overall quality of life.

The department ensures that Recreational Sports Programs for both staff and inmates are carried out to help reduce stress, overcome social weaknesses and promote physical well-being. 

Roles of the Sports Office

• Identify coaches and deploy them in all regions
• Organize for Departmental Inter-Regional, National and International Competitions
• Tapping talent and recruiting sportsmen and women
• Budgeting for sports activities

Duties and responsibilities of the directorate of standards, compliance and pro section  responsibilities:

1. Inspections of penal institutions

• Administrative inspections play a very vital role in maintaining and promoting the efficient running of the penal institutions. Every penal institution should be inspected at least 3 times a year.
• This is to enable the commissioner general of prisons evaluate the success of existing programs in prison industries farms and effective rehabilitation of inmates
• Find ways and means of making improvements to the existing programs
• To detect shortcoming in the implementation of the implementation of the laid down policy on the treatment and safe custody of the offenders
• To enable the commissioner of prisons to familiarize himself in the prevailing local problems faced by field officers.
• To enable the commissioner of prisons to know his field officers and their aspirations and to boost their morale through encouragement
• Staff strength ascertain authorized establishment versus the actual staff strength as reflected by the duty roster along with the board analysis.

2. Resolution of public Complaints-Promptly address and resolve public complaints, constitute complaints handling committees, develop complaints handling procedures

3.corruption eradication-receive investigate and document all reported corruption cases

4.oversee change of command in all penal institutions and regional commanders.

DUTIES OF THE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS SECTION 

• Organizing and carrying out, in consultation with the head of Human Resource Manager training programs for prison officers;
• Organizing press conferences, receptions, visits and exhibitions as well as preparing press releases and arranging for both print and electronic media interviews for the management;
• Producing for publication and editing Departmental literature including magazines, newspapers and journals on corrections;
• Building and maintaining a positive image of the Department by conducting research and opinion surveys on the image of the Department;
• Organizing advertisements and promotions which give wide coverage of the Departmental activities and engagements; and
• Building and maintaining good relations with the media.
• Formulating and implementing public relations and communication strategies.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

• Issue certificate of appointment (Staff identity cards) to all staff in the service.
• Take, develop and issue CGP official portrait to all stations country wide
• Maintain an up to date data of issued Certificate of Appointment.
• Renewal of Certificate of Appointment for promoted officers and incase of loss 
• Cover all departmental function in both still pictures and video.
• Keep record in form of both pictures and video of Departments functions
• Accompany the CGP on official visits to stations.
• Provide photos whenever needed for official use.
• Custodian of CGP official passport in liaison to the ministry
• Keep an up to date pictorial photos for all directors.
• Liaise with ministry Headquarters on photographic issues.

The Directorate of Logistics is responsible for the effective fleet management and prudent acquisition and distribution of all the items necessary for the achievements of the Service mandate. It is headed by the Director who is responsible to the Commissioner General of Prisons for all the operations of the unit.

The Directorate has four sections namely;

• Supply Chain Management
• Central Quartermaster.
• Central Workshop.
• Motor Vehicle Depot.
• Transport Manager (Staffing Officer-Transport)

Roles and Responsibilities of the Directorate

• General acquisitions of goods and services

The Directorate is responsible for prudent and timely acquisition of all goods and or services that are needed by the Service to ensure that the service gets value for money in all its spending. In particularly, attention is given to the critical and essential items that are procured centrally and those that are decentralised and procured by the stations.

• Efficient and effective Fleet management

The Directorate is responsible to the Commissioner General of Prisons for timely maintenance and service of all the department’s vehicles, arrangement of transport schedules, monitoring of fuel consumption, allocation of vehicles, efficiency of all technical staff (mechanics) and drivers through continuous and coordinated training.

• Optimal storage and  distribution of the procured items

The Directorate of logistics receives and provides storage of goods ordered and facilitates the process of inspection and acceptance by the committee before distributing them to various destinations which includes stations and or regional commands.

• Formulation of policy guidelines on logistics.

The Directorate is responsible for the preparation and coordination of various policies that guides the achievements of the service mandate i.e. driver’s recruitment and training policy, procurement and distribution of vehicles and secondment and deployment of uniformed officers to procurement section, uniform used by staff and inmates among others.

• Inspection of stores within the Service.

The Directorate ensures Regular Inspections of all the Stores including Central, Regional Quartermasters and station sores to ensure goods procured are stored and kept in the right quantities and condition to prevent spillage, overstocking and deterioration in value.

• Preparation and consolidation of the Service Procurement plan

The Directorate projects, prepares and consolidates the Service Procurement Plan which touches on operational efficiency, staff and inmates needs and forwards the same to the Commissioner General of Prisons for onward transmission and approval by the Accounting Officer.

• Deployment of procurement officers.

The Directorate oversees the secondment and deployment of all uniformed personnel to Procurement Section through the guidance of the Commissioner General of Prisons with a view of advising the Officers in Charge of various penal institutions to prudently acquire the needed items within the confines of the law.

• Ensure implementation and correct interpretation of the Procurement laws and Regulations.

The Directorate advice the Commissioner General of Prisons, the Directors and all the AIE holders on matters pertaining to Supply Chain Management  with a view to ensuring that the government gets value for money on every shilling spent by the service.

• Asset Management

The Directorate constantly updates the Service assets register to determine the assets which are serviceable, unserviceable and obsolete. It coordinates the disposal of all the assets that have outlived their usefulness to prevent them from further depreciation.

SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF EACH UNIT

Supply Chain Management Unit

This section undertakes the under listed roles;

• Preparation and consolidation of the Service Procurement plan.
• Receiving and processing approved requisitions.
• Preparation of bid documents.
• Conducts market survey to ensure the service acquires products within the prevailing market prices.
• Preparation of contracts.
• Coordinates the receiving and evaluation of tenders.
• Expediting orders
• Ensure timely acquisition of goods and services needed by the KPS.
• Inventory control through routine stock checking, sock taking and general inspection of stores.
• Coordinates inspection of the delivered items.
• Advices the Director Logistics and by extension the Commissioner General of Prisons on the prudent acquisition of goods and services.
• Ensure timely payment of merchants.
• Conduct Routine Checks.
• Ensure the government gets value for money in all the service expenditure by constantly determining the total cost of acquisition.
• Timely utilization of the allocated funds.
• Coordinate the disposal of all the assets that have outlived their usefulness.

 Central Quartermaster.

 The Central Quatermaster located in Nairobi County is established under Kenya Prisons Service Standing Orders chapter 26 (Stores and Supplies Regulations). It is a section within the Directorate of Logistics.

It receives and stocks all stores purchased by the department annually. Once received, the stores are distributed and issued out to either Provincial Quartermasters or directly to the respective stations stores.

Apart from receiving and storing of the stores, the Quartermaster of Prisons (the officer in charge of the central stores), also carries out the following responsibilities:

• Preparation of procurement plan in respect to staff and prisoners’ uniforms and insignia, beddings & linen and institutional appliances.
• Preparation of requisition plan as per the allocated/voted funds
• Safety and security of the central stores facility

Central Workshop.

 The Prisons Central Workshop is a section under the Directorate of Logistics which is mandated to efficiently maintain, repair, control and operate the Department Motor vehicles, plant and machinery country wide. The section is headed by officer in-charge of the rank of Superintendent of Prison who is directly answerable to the Director of Logistics.

The section has also devolved units in all the Prisons Regional Commanders Headquarters and is responsible in the repairs and maintenance of all the departments’ motor vehicles, plant and machineries respectively. They also recommend specific repairs to the central workshop for further attention

Transport Manager / Motor Vehicle Depot

• Supervise drivers and ensuring they observe driving rules and regulations
• Oversee drivers’ database and records
• Facilitate the secondment of drivers to other ministries
• Facilitate allocation of vehicles to directorates and section heads
• Recruitment of new drivers into the section
• Ensure vehicles are fueled and have work tickets
• Manage and maintain databases relating to transport logistics
• Ensure welfare of drivers including payment of per diems and their security
• Ensure compliance with vehicles safety standards
• Ensure vehicles use the authorized routes and are not overloaded
• Issue driving permits and ensure proper custody of Directorate vehicles

In accordance with the provisions under sec. 29 (1 – 4), of the Prisons Act (Cap 90), Part III of the Prison Rules 1977 Revised, Kenya Prisons Policy Document, 2005 and beyond, the International Instruments (SMR) for the treatment of offenders of 1955, the Prisons Service is mandated to establish Healthcare system which shall ensure that the prisons community, particularly the prisoners have access to the highest attainable standards of healthcare services, in keeping with the general acceptable community practices. These services shall include; medical, dental and mental health services. Taking cognizance of the significance of health in prisons, it is imperative that the Prisons Department establishes the Directorate of Prisons Health Services. The head of the section seconded from the Ministry of health and appointed by the Director of Medical Health Services, shall perform the following duties and responsibilities:

• Responsible to the Commissioner of Prisons for all issues with regard to Health of prison and neighborhood communities and liaises with the Director of Medical Services for continued provision of adequate health supplies to all the prison Hospitals, Health centers, Dispensaries and infirmaries;
• Establish a functioning Directorate of Health Services with the necessary structures created beginning Headquarters and cascading down to the provincial commands and the stations. The structuring shall include all Maximum Security Prisons and Principle Prisons which shall be headed by Medical Officers, whilst Medium and District Prisons shall have clinical officers heading health facilities, but with the provision for making referrals of cases which require further management to the main Prison Hospitals or Public Hospitals whichever is convenient and according to the local needs and the nature of the sickness;
• Responsible to the Commissioner of Prisons for the health of all prisoners in prison custody and shall cause them to be medically examined at such times as shall be prescribed. In addition he shall take or direct to be taken such action as he would consider necessary to safeguard or restore the good health of prisoners or any other member of the prison community and shall do all within his power to prevent the spread of disease(s) within the prisons community, and that all such actions shall be deemed lawful.
• Advise the Commissioner of Prisons on the Health condition of prisoners, staff and families and the neighboring community;
• Carry out needs assessment on staffing requirements for the Prisons Health facilities and equipment, ensuring that adequate medical staffing levels are established and deployment of the same carried out in all the facilities countrywide. In consultation with the Commissioner of Prisons, he shall cause to recruit for employment and training of the, medical staff for the Prisons Service;
• Establish such units as shall be deemed necessary; Public Health, Pharmacy and Laboratory, to help in facilitating the provision of appropriate healthcare services to members of the prisons and neighborhood communities, and that prompt action is taken to remedy through effective control the threat of any or outbreak of communicable diseases within the prison community, as well as to act within the law to avert any imminent health crisis within the prison settings or within the neighboring communities, which may have direct or indirect impact on the prisons;
• Mount a campaign to create awareness amongst staff of the Prisons Service on the need to sanitize their working and living environments in order to keep hygiene standards high at all times, as well as to develop approaches which promote preventive healthcare programmes;
• Carry out Health Education to promote Healthy lifestyle within the prisons environments as well as to provide counseling services to staff and prisoners;
• Establish health information system as well as monitor disease prevalence, morbidity and mortality trends in the prisons community;
• Advise on and adopt multi-sectoral approaches in the management of HIV/AIDS prevalence within the prison community taking into consideration the needs of the infected and affected as well as arranging for the infected to access ARVs and the necessary food requirements. This should include other special groups such as the children, antenatal and pre-natal groups; and
• Receive and analyze returns on health issues from the prisons facilities as well as to conduct research on health to inform the Departmental Policy development on the most appropriate policy avenues for Prisons Health Services.

Key objectives of the directorate

• To develop programs for offenders that interrupts their criminal thinking cycle and effect changes in attitudes, thinking and behavior.
• To develop a comprehensive program system that allows offenders to receive a seamless delivery of services.
• To develop and train staff to manage the special needs of offenders.
• To comply with the intent of the offender Act as defined in the Prisons Act and Borstal Act that ensure   fair application of time and effort to all offenders sentenced under the Prisons.
• To develop community partnership that enables healthy re-entry into the community for released offenders.

Rationale

Why Rehabilitate?

Firstly research has shown that most offenders are generally a disadvantage group with a range of social, emotional, health and mental problems.

Secondly behavior change based rehabilitation Programs have yielded better results in all fronts.

Thirdly Prisons has two types of inmates; 50% of offenders are in Prison for less than 3 months who need basic rehabilitation Programs. The other 50%   are the long termers whose need to change offending behavior and gain skills to support them as they return to the community.

Fourthly appropriate and targeted Programs with a deliberate focus on effective methods of bringing about changes in offender functioning may have significant impact in reducing crime.